Dry fruits are very good for kidney stone. They are good to be taken by people who have kidney stone. Dry fruits are beneficial for the kidneys and also for the urinary tract. Dry fruits can be eaten with warm water before going to bed.
Dry fruits (also known as dry nuts) are a great snack for anyone who needs to be careful about their kidney stones. They are high in fiber, which helps prevent the formation of kidney stones by helping the body to eliminate excess waste products.
Dry fruits for kidney stone
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter blood, producing urine as a byproduct. Urine flows through tubes called ureters and exits the body through the urethra.
Kidney stones form when minerals in urine become concentrated, usually due to dehydration or a high calcium diet. The crystals grow into hard masses that can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain and potentially permanent kidney damage.
What to know about the kidney stone diet
What is the kidney stone diet?
Foods to eat
Foods to limit or avoid
What is a kidney stone?
How does the diet work?
Can diet alone treat kidney stones?
Kidney stones are small, hard deposits that form in the kidneys. They develop when there is a decrease in urine or an increase in certain substances, such as minerals and salts. Changes in diet can help prevent them.
Kidney stones can cause extreme pain and occur in around 9% of women and 19% of men in the United States, according to the National Kidney Foundation.
In this article, we outline some of the dietary choices a person can make to reduce the risk of developing kidney stones, including foods to eat and avoid.
What is the kidney stone diet?
Drinking plenty of water is an aspect of the kidney stone diet.
People who wish to prevent kidney stones developing for the first time or reduce the risk of recurrence if they have already had stones should follow these main steps:
drink plenty of water
limit their intake of salt and animal protein
restrict foods that contain high levels of oxalates
get enough calcium
There is no single diet plan for all types of kidney stones, as they can form due to a buildup of several different minerals in the body. However, many dietitians and doctors who specialize in kidney diseases, or nephrologists, recommend the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet for people with kidney stones.
This diet has demonstrated the ability to reduce the risk of kidney stone formation and improve other elements of overall health, such as lower blood pressure and a reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
The DASH diet encourages people to consume vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low-fat dairy. The plan also suggests limiting the intake of salt, sugar, and red meat.
However, dietary changes mainly affect people at risk of the following types of kidney stone:
calcium oxalate stones
calcium phosphate stones
uric acid stones
cystine stones
People should speak with their healthcare provider to work out which type of kidney stones they have had, if any, to support effective dietary choices. The National Kidney Foundation recommend cutting back on sodium in the diet rather than reducing calcium intake.
Foods to eat
Because kidney stones vary according to the minerals they contain, dietary recommendations will also vary.
A person should talk to their doctor about which foods cause stones to help them determine what they should and should not eat to help avoid the formation of stones in the future.
The following are some suggestions on what to include in a diet to avoid the formation of kidney stones.
Water
Including extra water in the diet can help prevent kidney stones, as they often occur due to dehydration. The National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) recommend drinking 6–8 glassesTrusted Source every day.
Drinking some other fluids as well as water is acceptable. However, it is important to check sodium levels in the beverage, as many drinks have a high salt content.
It is also best to avoid particularly sugary drinks, such as sweetened juices and sodas.
Calcium and oxalate-rich foods
A person should include foods rich in calcium, especially if they consume many foods that are higher in oxalate, such as spinach. A diet low in calcium increases the risk of developing kidney stones. Calcium and oxalate bind together in the intestines, interrupting the formation of stones.
Some foods to includeTrusted Source are:
low-fat or fat-free milk products
calcium-fortified foods, such as cereals, bread, and juices
beans
calcium-rich vegetables, such as broccoli
seaweed, such as kelp
Here, learn more about calcium and its available food sources.
Fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables are a necessary part of any diet. Increasing the number of vegetables in their diet can help a person prevent stone formation. Fruits can be dried, frozen, or fresh.
Fruits with high levels of citric acid, such as oranges and lemons, have also demonstrated a positive effect in preventing kidney stones according to a 2014 review of studiesTrusted Source.
People should become familiar with fruits and veg that have high oxalate content, including spinach, and try to limit the amount in the diet. Alternatively, people can combine them with foods that contain high amounts of calcium.
Plant-based protein
Small amounts of animal-based proteins are safe to consume. However, too much animal protein can increase a person’s risk of kidney stones.
Dietitians encourage the inclusion of plant-based protein sourcesTrusted Source in a kidney stone diet. Examples include beans, peas, and lentils.
People should discuss their individual protein needs with a doctor or a dietitian, as the requirement will vary from person to person.
Foods to limit or avoid
Choosing which food to limit depends on the type of stone developing in a person’s body.
Foods to limit, include:
high-sodium foods, including processed, packaged foods as well as meals from fast food establishments
certain animal proteins, including eggs, fish, pork, and beef
If a person has had calcium oxalate stones, they may wish to restrict their intake of the following foods, which are high oxalate and may increase the risk of recurrence:
nuts
peanuts
spinach
wheat bran
rhubarb
Every person is different, and individual needs and dietary requirements will vary.
The most important aspect of managing diet when looking to prevent recurrent kidney stones is speaking to a doctor or dietitian. They will be able to identify the type of kidney stone that is developing and ways to slow or stop its development.
What is a kidney stone?
Kidney stones form when a person’s urine output decreases, and when the kidney contains large numbers of certain minerals that stick together and form stones.
Common kinds of kidney stones include:
calcium oxalate stones
calcium phosphate stone
struvite stones
uric acid stones
cystine stones
A range of factors can cause kidney stones, including the following dietary factors:
high oxalate intake from certain foods
a high protein diet
too much sodium
dehydration or low fluid intake
High oxalate foods, such as nuts, seeds, beets, spinach, and buckwheat flour, can contribute to calcium oxalate stones, although this does not mean that people need to exclude them from the diet completely.
A high protein diet can contribute to the formation of calcium phosphate stones. A high sodium intake and dehydration can contribute to uric acid and cystine stones.
How does the diet work?
Some foods contain certain chemicals or compounds that can influence the production of kidney stones, particularly if a person regularly eats them in high amounts.
By limiting the intake of these foods, the risk of kidney stones reduces.
Can diet alone treat kidney stones?
For some people, dietary changes may be enough to prevent kidney stones from occurring.
In other cases, additional treatment may be necessary, including medication to break the stones up or surgery to remove the stones.
If stones become extremely painful, it is best to seek consultation with a doctor or nephrologist so they can recommend the best course of action.
Read more about treatments for kidney stones.
Q:
Do any herbal supplements help reduce the risk of kidney stones?
A:
People have used many herbs throughout time. Traditionally, people have used apple cider vinegar to prevent and treat kidney stones, and studies in the lab have shown that it can reduce the development of stones.
According to one cross-sectional studyTrusted Source, the acetic acid in apple cider vinegar reduces pain and inflammation.
People have also used wheatgrass for centuries to improve health and because it contains certain compounds that cause increased urine output, reducing the risk that kidney stones will develop.
Trusted Source Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.
Last medically reviewed on January 3, 2020
Nutrition / DietUrology / Nephrology
10 sourcescollapsed
Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT — Written by Jenna Fletcher on January 3, 2020
Warm, wet weather: The key to kidney stones?
Living in warm, wet climes may increase your risk of harboring kidney stones, according to a new study. The findings explain the intriguing “stone belt” phenomenon.
Kidney stones — nobody likes an uninvited guest.
Kidney stones are solid clumps of material that develop in the kidney. They consist of crystal-forming substances, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid.
They have been part of the human experience for thousands of years; a treatment for kidney stones is mentioned in an Egyptian medical text from 1500 BCTrusted Source.
In modern-day America, an estimated 12 percentTrusted Source of the population will experience one or more of these uninvited guests at some point in their lives.
Small stones can exit the body during urination with little or no fanfare. Larger stones, however, are a different story; although rarely fatal, they can be excruciating.
To give you some idea, the following comes from a first-hand account. “It was what I can imagine a knife stuck in my back being twisted all around would feel like.” According to another, “A female nurse told me it’s the worst pain a man can ever feel because a man can’t go through labor.”
Aside from the agony, kidney stones don’t come cheap, either. In 2000, around $2.1 billionTrusted Source was spent treating them in U.S. hospitals. This figure marked a 50 percent increase since 1994.
Due to the cost, the steady increase of prevalence, and the intense pain, there is significant interest in understanding why these ghastly miniature boulders are formed.
Who gets kidney stones?
Certain risk factors are well-established. For instance, if you are male or have diabetes, you are more likely to develop them. Another factor that raises your chance of growing your very own kidney stone is your ZIP code.
A landmark studyTrusted Source published in 1994 looked at data from more than 1 million men and women across the U.S. They established the so-called stone belt.
Their analysis uncovered a distinct geographic pattern of kidney stones. As they rolled further south and east, prevalence increased. Men in North Carolina, for example, had an almost three times greater risk of developing kidney stones than men in North Dakota.
At first glance, this map-based lottery seems strange and perhaps a little unfair. However, it makes more sense when the weather is taken into account.
People living in hotter climes are likely to sweat more, so it follows that they are also more likely to be dehydrated. And, being chronically dehydrated is a well-established risk factor for kidney stones.
But according to the authors of the latest study, temperature cannot be the only vagabond on the rocky road to internal stones. As they explain:
“[H]igher temperature does not fully account for the stone belt phenomenon. If temperature alone was the primary environmental driving factor, the American Southwest should have a similar stone prevalence to the Southeast.”
…And it doesn’t, so researchers from Stanford University School of Medicine in California set out to investigate another climate-based factor: precipitation. The results were recently published in the Journal of Endourology.
To test their theory, the researchers concentrated on the good folk of California, which is a state with a particularly varied climate. They dived into data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development databases.
They perused the facts and figures of 63,994 people who underwent kidney stone procedures in the state in 2010–2012. They also gathered climate information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Each participant’s ZIP code was available, allowing the team to pinpoint their location and identify what sort of weather they were likely to experience.
Once the numbers had been crunched, their hunch turned out to be spot on. Although the effect was relatively small, it remained significant even after controlling for factors such as sex, age, and the prevalence of obesity and diabetes.
They found that for every additional inch of rain, there were an extra 0.019 surgeries per 1,000 people. Likewise, each degree Fahrenheit increase in mean temperature caused an additional 0.029 surgeries per 1,000 people.
Why does moisture promote kidney stones?
The study authors believe that a warm and precipitous environment, compared with a warm and dry environment, gives rise to more kidney stones because the body’s thermoregulation system handles it less well.
When it is humid, sweat cannot evaporateTrusted Source as easily, meaning that the body’s primary defense against heat is toothless. So, more sweat is produced in a fruitless attempt to keep us cool.
Though at this stage, more work will be needed to get a proper picture of what’s going on.
As a worrying aside, the study authors bring up the potential impact of global warming. With both average temperature and precipitation predicted to increase across the planet, kidney stone prevalence is also likely to increase — yet another reason to buy an electric car.
So, if you live somewhere both hot and wet, you are slightly more likely to develop kidney stones. This may be an unsettling thought, so you could always move to the Antarctic: the coldest, driest place on earth. Or, if that doesn’t float your boat, just make sure you drink enough fluids.
Urology / Nephrology
Written by Tim Newman on November 10, 2017 — Fact checked by Jasmin Collier
UTI Symptoms, causes, treatments, remedies, and all else you need to know
Symptoms
Causes
Complications
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Home remedies
Contacting a doctor
Summary
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur due to microbes such as bacteria overcoming the body’s defenses in the urinary tract. They can affect the kidneys, bladder, and the tubes that run between them.
UTIs are one of the most commonTrusted Source types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year.
The urinary tract consists of the upper and lower urinary tract. The kidneys and ureters make up the upper urinary tract, and the urethra and bladder make up the lower urinary tract.
UTIs have different names depending on where they occur. For example:
A bladder infection is called cystitis.
A urethra infection is known as urethritis.
A kidney infection is called pyelonephritis.
Symptoms
Stefania Pelfini, La Waziya Photography/Getty Images
The United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS) notes that symptoms can depend on whether a person is experiencing an upper or lower urinary tract infection.
In adults
Lower UTIs affect the bladder or urethra and can cause:
a frequent need to urinate
pain, discomfort, or burning sensation when urinating
a sudden urge to urinate
cloudy, strong-smelling urine that may contain blood
the sensation that the bladder is not fully empty
feeling unwell, tired, and achy
Upper UTIs affect the kidneys and ureters. As well as the symptoms above, they can cause:
a fever of 100.4ºF (38ºC) or higher
confusion
agitation
restlessness
pain in the back and sides
chills and shivering
nausea and vomiting
In males
Males and females share the same symptoms. However, 2021 researchTrusted Source suggests that males had a higher chance of experiencing symptoms that affect the lower urinary tract.
It is worth noting that this study involved 1,256 people from a single community in Japan, so the findings may not apply to other populations.
In children
Additional symptoms in children include:
a high temperature
appearing generally unwell — for example, babies may appear irritable and not feed well
vomiting
wetting the bed or themselves
In older adults or those with a catheter
Additional symptoms of UTIs in older adults or those with a urinary catheter include:
wetting themselves
new shivering
new shaking
agitation
confusion
Causes
The Urology Care Foundation notes that different bacteria live on the skin or around the rectum and vagina. When the bacteria enter the urethra, it can travel to the bladder.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)Trusted Source, the body usually flushes out the bacteria before reaching a person’s bladder. However, in some cases, the body is unable to do so, resulting in a UTI.
UTIs most commonlyTrusted Source occur due to the following bacteria:
Escherichia coli
Protus mirabilis
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
People of any age and sex can develop a UTI. However, some people are more at risk than others.
The following factors can increase the likelihood of developing a UTI:
being sexually active
having difficulty fully emptying the bladder
having a condition that causes a blockage in the urinary tract, such as kidney stones
having diabetes
having recently used a catheter
having had a previous UTI
having vesicoureteral reflux, a condition that causes the urine to flow backward
having poor hygiene
In females
The NIDDKTrusted Source notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. This is because females have a shorter urethra, meaning the bacteria have less distance to travel to the bladder.
Additionally, the urethra is closer to the rectum, where the UTI-causing bacteria is present.
Going through menopause and using birth control methods, such as diaphragms or spermicide, can also increase the chance of developing a UTI.
Is pregnancy a risk factor for a UTI?
According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.
Changes in the body during pregnancy can cause changes in the urinary tract.
Learn more about UTIs in pregnancy here.
In males
Males share the same risk factors for developing a UTI. However, having an enlarged prostate is a male-specific risk factor.
An enlarged prostate can block or obstructTrusted Source the usual flow of urine.
Complications
In some cases, lower UTIs can lead to pyelonephritis. This is a sudden and severe kidney infection.
Symptoms include:
fever
flank pain
vomiting
nausea
burning urination
increased frequency and urgency to urinate
fatigue
shaking
chills
mental changes
If a person suspects they have a kidney infection, they should seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Recurrent or long-lasting kidney infections can cause permanent damage. Some sudden kidney infections can be life threatening, particularly if bacteria enter the bloodstream in a condition known as septicemia.
They can also increase the risk of pregnant people delivering infants prematurely or with a low birth weight.
Prevention
There are several measures that an individual can take to reduce the risk of developing a UTI, includingTrusted Source:
drinking 6–8, 8-ounce glasses of water per day
emptying the bladder fully when urinating
urinating after sex
wearing loose-fitting clothing and cotton underwear
keeping the genital area clean
avoiding the use of perfumed products on the genitals
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source suggests taking showers instead of baths and avoiding douching.
Females should also wipe from the front to the back to help avoid spreading the germs from the rectum to the vagina. In addition, if a person experiences frequent or recurring UTIs, they should talk with a doctor about switching birth control methods.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists mentions that cranberry pills and unsweetened cranberry juice may help decrease the chance of contracting UTIs. However, research is ongoing.
Individuals should contact a doctor if they develop UTI symptoms, especially if they have developed symptoms of a potential kidney infection.
Diagnosis
A doctor will usually diagnose a UTI after asking about a person’s symptoms and testing a urine sample to assess the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, and bacteria.
In some casesTrusted Source, a doctor may culture the urine to identify the type of bacteria causing the infection.
If someone has recurrent UTIs, a doctor may request further diagnostic testing to determine if anatomical or functional issues are the cause. Such tests may include:
Diagnostic imaging: This involves assessing the urinary tract using ultrasound, CT and MRI scanning, radiation tracking, or X-rays.
Urodynamics: This procedure determines how well the urinary tract stores and releases urine.
Cystoscopy: This allows the doctor to see inside the bladder and urethra with a camera lens inserted through the urethra via a long thin tube.
Treatment
A healthcare professional will prescribeTrusted Source antibiotics to treat UTIs, regardless of a person’s sex.
The type of medication and length of treatment will depend on a person’s symptoms and medical history.
People should always complete the full course of treatment to make sure that the infection is fully clear and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. UTI symptoms can disappear before the infection has completely gone.
To cure a UTI that has occurred due to problems within the urinary system, a healthcare professional will need to diagnose the underlying issue.
If the person is seriously ill, they may need to be admitted to a hospital to ensure they consume sufficient fluids and receive the correct medication.
People may also need to go to the hospital if they are:
pregnant and are otherwise ill
an older adult
have cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or other medical problems
have kidney stones or other changes in their urinary tract
recovering from recent urinary tract surgery
To help treat and prevent recurrent UTI infections, a healthcare professional may:
suggest changing birth control methods
prescribe a single daily dose of antibiotics for 6–12 months
prescribe a single dose of antibiotics to take each time a person has sex
Home remedies
There are several suggested remedies that people with a UTI can try at home.
The NIDDKTrusted Source says drinking fluids and urinating frequently can help flush bacteria from the body, and using a heated pad for short periods can help relieve discomfort.
When to contact a doctor
A person should contact a doctor if they develop symptoms of a UTI. Without treatment, UTIs can lead to a sudden and severe kidney infection which can be life threatening.
The NIDDKTrusted Source advises people to seek care immediately if they develop:
severe pain in the back near the ribs or lower abdomen
vomiting
nausea
fever
Summary
A UTI is an infection of the urinary tract. The urethra and bladder make up the lower urinary tract, and the upper urinary tract consists of the kidneys and ureters.
The main symptoms include a burning sensation during urination and a frequent and intense urge to urinate. The symptoms are the same for both males and females. However, males are more likely to experience the sensation that they have not finished urinating and urine dribbling from the penis after urination.
UTIs occur due to bacteria present on the skin and around the rectum and vagina. However, some risk factors are female- or male-specific.
Treatment includes antibiotics, and a person should drink plenty of fluids.
If an individual notices symptoms of a UTI, they should contact a healthcare professional. Without treatment, a kidney infection can occur.
Read the article in Spanish.
Last medically reviewed on December 9, 2021
Urinary Tract InfectionInfectious Diseases / Bacteria / VirusesUrology / Nephrology
9 sourcescollapsed
Medically reviewed by Lauren Castiello, MS, AGNP-C — Written by James McIntosh — Updated on December 9, 2021
10 ways to prevent kidney stones
Prevention
How common are kidney stones?
Symptoms
Treatment and when to see a doctor
Kidney stones are deposits of minerals and salts that crystallize in the kidneys. They become solid, and passing them in the urine can be extremely painful.
Usually, the fluid in urine prevents waste products from coming into contact with each other. However, kidney stones can begin to form when there is not enough fluid or too much solid waste content in the urine.
Though most kidney stones develop in the kidneys, they can form anywhere in the urinary tract.
In this article, we look at several ways to prevent kidney stones, the incidence of kidney stones, and when to seek treatment.
Prevention
Staying hydrated may help prevent kidney stones.
Researchers are still not exactly sure how or why kidney stones develop.
Dehydration is the primary risk factor for kidney stones. However, certain foods and various lifestyle habits can also increase the risk of developing them.
People who suspect that they have kidney stones or are at high risk of developing them should consult a doctor to find out what type of kidney stone they have and determine which specific foods or activities to avoid.
There are many steps a person can take to reduce the risk of kidney stones, including:
- Staying hydrated
When urine contains more fluid, it is less likely that minerals and salts will cluster together and form stones. Darker urine is a sign of dehydration. Ideally, urine should appear pale yellow.
Doctors tend to recommend that a person drinks between six and eightTrusted Source 8 ounce (oz) glasses of water per day.
Learn about the different colors of urine and what they mean here.
- Reducing salt intake
Sodium, or salt, can cause water retention and lead to dehydration. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggest that adults aim to keep their salt intake below 2,300 milligramsTrusted Source (mg) daily. This is equivalent to around one teaspoon of table salt.
Some examples of high salt foods include:
deli or smoked meats
most packaged or prepared meals
potato chips
most canned soups
most ready-to-make noodle or side dishes
foods that contain other types of sodium, including sodium bicarbonate, disodium phosphate, monosodium glutamate, baking powder, nitrites, and sodium nitrate
Learn more about dietary steps to prevent kidney stones here.
- Maintaining a healthy body weight
Having overweight or obesity can put stress on the kidneys. However, it is always important to lose weight gradually and safely.
Crash dieting and following a diet high in animal protein can both increase the risk of kidney stones.
- Limiting foods with calcium oxalate
Kidney stones can consist of many different compounds, including uric acid, struvite, and cysteine. The most common type of kidney stone involves calcium oxalate.
One 2014 study examined nearly 44,000 kidney stones and found that 67% were composed predominately of calcium oxalate.
Doctors usually only recommend restricting oxalate intake to those at a high risk of kidney stones or those with high oxalate levels.
Consuming calcium alongside oxalate-rich foods may reduce the risk of kidney stones by binding the chemicals together before they reach the kidneys.
Foods that contain high levels of oxalate include:
grapefruit and cranberry juice
potatoes
soybeans
spinach
some nuts, including cashews and peanuts
chocolate
rhubarb
beets
asparagus
most berries
celery and parsley
whole grains
tea
- Avoiding excessive caffeine consumption
Caffeine speeds up metabolism and can cause dehydration. The recommended upper limit for adults is 400 mgTrusted Source of caffeine daily, which is equivalent to about four cups of coffee.
It is important to remember that certain sodas, chocolate, teas, and energy drinks can also contain caffeine.
- Avoiding sugary drinks
Some studies have linked sweetened drinks, especially those containing high-fructose corn syrup, to the development of kidney stones.
At least half of a person’s fluid intake should be pure water. Some research suggests that caffeinated drinks can increase the riskTrusted Source of stones, as can sweetened drinks and sodasTrusted Source.
- Getting enough dietary calcium
Although calcium oxalate is the most common compound in kidney stones, consuming some dietary calcium helps reduce the risk of stones.
Most dairy products are a good source of calcium. Manufacturers fortify many other foods with calcium, including:
orange juice
canned fish with bones, such as sardines
tofu
some cereals
- Increasing citric acidic intake
About 60% of people with kidney stones also have low citric acid levels.
Some good sources of citric acid include:
one 4 oz glass of undiluted, unsweetened lemon or lime juice
one 8 oz glass of orange juice
one 8 oz glass of melon or mango juice
- Monitoring the intake of high acid foods
Highly acidic urine can increase the risk of uric acid kidney stones and make passing them more painful.
High amounts of acid in the urine also encourage the kidneys to reabsorb citrate rather than excrete it. Citrate is a compound that can help flush out calcium-based stones, as well as impair their growth.
Highly acidic foods include:
red meat and pork
poultry
most types of fish
most cheeses
eggs
People do not need to avoid high acid foods entirely, as they can be a good source of protein. However, a person should monitor and limit their intake of these foods if they experience frequent kidney stones.
- Taking supplements and vitamins
A wide range of natural supplements and vitamins are available that may help reduce the risk of kidney stones in some people, including:
potassium citrate
vitamin B-6, which occurs in foods such as bananas, mangos, soybeans, avocados, and halibut
other B vitamins, including riboflavin, thiamin, and B-12, none of which are harmful to people with kidney stones
vitamin D
calcium
fish oils
However, for many of these, it is best to check with a doctor or dietitian before use. Some supplements can increase the risk for some individuals.
How common are kidney stones?
According to the National Kidney Foundation, almost 1 in 10 people in the United States develop a kidney stone during their lifetime. The risk is around 19% for men and 9% for women.
Most men experience their first kidney stone after the age of 30 years.
Symptoms
Small kidney stones may not cause any symptoms, and they sometimes pass on their own without causing much discomfort. Medium-to-large kidney stones, however, can cause intense, sharp pain.
Symptoms usually begin once the stones have started to travel through the urinary system. Stones that become stuck can cause a backup of urine. This can be extremely painful.
Common symptoms of kidney stones include:
constant, intense pain in the lower back
bloody urine
vomiting or nausea, often from the pain
fever and chills
very unpleasant or odd-smelling urine
cloudy urine
stomachache that does not improve with gas medication
Treatment and when to see a doctor
If a person suspects that a kidney stone is the cause of substantial pain or discomfort, it is important to see a doctor.
Although most people experience no long-term consequences from kidney stones, they can be extremely painful and require medical monitoring.
In most cases, treating kidney stones involves increasing fluid intake, taking pain medications, and using medications that make the urine less acidic.
People with smaller stones may be able to go home and wait for the stone or stones to pass. People with larger or more severe stones may need to stay in the hospital.
Stones that are too large to pass or that become stuck in the urinary tract may require surgery. Surgery to remove the stones may also be necessary if an infection has developed around it.
Here, learn more about lithotripsy, a surgical option for kidney stones.
Last medically reviewed on December 13, 2019
Overactive Bladder (OAB)Urology / NephrologyComplementary Medicine / Alternative MedicinePreventive Medicine
14 sourcescollapsed
Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT — Written by Jennifer Huizen on December 13, 2019
Bladder stones
What are bladder stones?
Symptoms
Causes
Risk factors
Complications
Tests and diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
FAQs
Bladder stones occur when minerals build up in the bladder and form into small “stones.” Mostly affecting older males, bladder stones can be uncomfortable, but treatment options are available.
Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more.
This article explains how bladder stones form. It also covers the symptoms, treatments, and ways to reduce the risk of bladder stones.
Fast facts on bladder stones
Here are some key points about bladder stones:
Bladder stones are most common in males over the age of 50.
Underlying medical conditions are often responsible for bladder stones.
Symptoms of bladder stones include a change in urine color and pain when urinating.
Bladder stones are rarer in females.
Bladder stones can cause blood in the urine.
What are bladder stones?
Bladder stones are also called “vesical calculi” or “cystoliths.” They occur due to a buildup of minerals that happens if the bladder does not completely empty after urination.
Eventually, the leftover urine becomes concentrated, and minerals within the liquid turn into crystals. Uric acid, which is the chemical the body releases when it breaks down substances, most commonlyTrusted Source makes up bladder stones.
Bladder stones can stay in the bladder for some time and do not always cause symptoms. They are often found when a person has an X-ray for a different medical reason. Healthcare professionals may need to remove larger bladder stones.
Sometimes only one stone will develop, while in other cases, a group of stones might form.
The stones can vary in shape: Some are almost spherical, while others can be irregular shapes. A common type of bladder stone is calledTrusted Source a “jackstone” because it is shaped like a jack from the kids’ game Jacks.
Are bladder stones the same as kidney stones?
Bladder stones and kidney stones are different.
Most bladder stones will form in the bladder. In some cases, however, stones that formTrusted Source in the kidneys can be small enough to pass down into the bladder through the ureters (the tubes running from the kidney to the bladder). In this case, kidney stones can become bladder stones.
Sometimes these stones will pass out of the body while they are still very small. Other times, bladder stones can gradually gather more mineral crystals, becoming larger and harder to pass over time.
How common are bladder stones?
Although females can get bladder stones, they are more common in males over the age of 50, usually due to an enlarged prostate gland or another type of bladder blockage.
Bladder stones are rare in children. They may also cause bed wetting.
Bladder stone symptoms
Bladder stones may not produce symptoms straightaway. But, if the stone irritates the bladder, symptoms can includeTrusted Source:
discomfort or pain in the penis
more regular urination or a stop-start flow
taking longer to start urinating
pain in the lower abdominal area
pain and discomfort when urinating
blood in the urine
cloudy or abnormally dark urine
Bladder stone causes
Bladder stones start to grow when urine stays in the bladder after a person urinates. This is often due to an underlying medical condition that stops the bladder from completely emptying.
In addition to kidney stones, which can move through the ureters and cause a blockage, other causes of bladder stones can includeTrusted Source:
Neurogenic bladder: If the nerves that run between the bladder and nervous system are damaged, such as in a stroke or spinal injury, the bladder may not empty fully.
Enlarged prostate: If the prostate is enlarged, it can press on the urethra and cause a disruption in urine flow, leaving some urine in the bladder.
Medical devices: Bladder stones can be caused by catheters or other medical devices if they move to the bladder.
Bladder inflammation: Urinary tract infections or radiation therapy can leave the bladder enlarged.
Bladder diverticula: Pouches can form within the bladder. If the pouches grow to a large size, they can hold urine and prevent the bladder from emptying fully.
Cystocele: In people with a vagina, the bladder wall can become weak and drop down to the vagina. This can affect the flow of urine from the bladder.
Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids can cause minerals to build up in the bladder instead of being diluted and removed through the urine.
Augmentation cystoplasty: This procedure, in which bowel tissue is attached to the bladder to enlarge it, may cause some urine to remain in the bladder.
Risk factors
Below are some factors that can increaseTrusted Source the risk of bladder stones:
Age and sex: Males develop bladder stones more often than females, especially as they get older.
Paralysis: People with serious spinal injuries and paralysis or loss of muscle control in the pelvic region are unable to empty their bladder completely.
Bladder outlet obstruction: This is any condition that blocks the flow of urine from the bladder to outside the body. There are a few different ways the bladder can be blocked, with the most common being an enlarged prostate.
Complications
Although some bladder stones do not produce any symptoms, they can still lead to complications if they are not removed. The two main complicationsTrusted Source are:
Chronic bladder dysfunction: This can involve frequent urination that is painful and uncomfortable. Sometimes, bladder stones can completely block urine from exiting the body.
Urinary tract infections: Repeated infections can occur.
There may be other, rare complications. According to a 2020 case report, one example is a vesicovaginal fistula (VVF), which is an abnormalopening between the bladder and the vagina that causes urinary incontinence.
Tests and diagnosis
Diagnosis of bladder stones can includeTrusted Source a number of different tests:
Physical exam: A doctor might place their hands on a patient’s lower abdomen to feel if their bladder is enlarged. If the patient has a prostate, the doctor may examine the rectum to check if the prostate is enlarged.
Urinalysis: A urine sample might be tested for signs of blood, bacteria, and crystallized minerals.
Spiral CT scan: CT scans combine multiple X-ray images to build a detailed image of internal organs.
Ultrasound: This type of scan creates an image by bouncing high frequency sound waves off of internal organs.
X-ray: A healthcare professional may order an X-ray, but not all types of bladder stones show up on an X-ray.
Treatments
If bladder stones are caught when they are still small, simply increasing the amount of water the individual drinks can be enough to pass them naturally.
If the bladder stones are too large to pass in the urine, treatment normally involves either breaking them up or removing them by surgery.
Breaking up bladder stones
In a procedure called “cystolitholapaxy,” a doctor inserts a thin tube with a camera on the end into the urethra (the opening found at the end of the penis or above the vagina). The doctor can viewTrusted Source the stones through the tube and break them down.
The doctor will use a laser, ultrasound, or small tool to break up the stones before washing (or vacuuming) them away. This procedure is carried out under anesthesia.
Complications from cystolitholapaxy are rare but can include tears in the bladder wall and infections.
Surgical removal
If the stones are too large to break down using cystolitholapaxy, surgery is an alternative treatment option.
The surgeon will enter the bladder through a cut in the abdomen and remove the bladder stones. Any surgical procedure comes with some risks, so cystolitholapaxy is always the first choice when possible.
Prevention
Because a range of medical conditions can cause bladder stones, there are no specific ways to prevent them.
However, if a person experiences any unusual urinary symptoms, it is best to get a healthcare professional’s opinion earlier rather than later. Unusual urinary symptoms may include:
pain
discoloration
blood
Drinking plenty of fluids will help break down any developing stones. Experts recommend drinking at least 8 cups of water a day.
Some people with urinary tract infections may feel like there is urine left in the bladder after urinating. In these cases, it is best to try urinating again 10–20 seconds after the first attempt. This is called “double voiding” and can help prevent stones from forming.
A 2014 meta-analysisTrusted Source suggests that if a person has an enlarged prostate, sitting down to urinate can help make sure that the bladder is completely emptied. This may help prevent or slow the buildup of bladder stones.
Frequently asked questions
The following are some common questions about bladder stones:
How can a person get rid of bladder stones?
If a bladder stone cannot pass on its own, a person can only get rid of it by having it surgically removed.
Are bladder stones life threatening?
Bladder stones are not life threatening. However, if they do not pass naturally and are not removed, they may cause complications such as:
painful and frequent urination
urine flow blockage
chronic urinary tract infections
Are bladder stones and gallstones the same?
Bladder and kidney stones are made of crystallized mineral deposits. As the name implies, bladder stones typically develop in the bladder. Gallbladder stones, or gallstones, form due to a chemical imbalance of cholesterol or bilirubin, a waste product. They do not occur in the bladder, but in the gallbladder or bile duct.
How big can bladder stones get?
The smallest bladder stones are barely visible to the naked eye, but some can grow to an impressive size. According to Guinness World Records, the largest bladder stone weighed a few ounces over 4 pounds and measured 17.9 x 12.7 x 9.5 centimeters.
Dry fruits for kids
Are you looking for a healthy snack to keep your kids happy and full of energy? You can’t go wrong with dry fruits!
Dry fruits are a great source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, which are essential for our bodies. They also contain fiber and protein. Dry fruits are rich in iron and calcium which are essential for growing children.
Dry fruits have fewer calories as compared to other snacks. They also contain less sodium than chips or cookies. It is recommended that you give dry fruits as a snack to your kids instead of chips or cookies because they will not get fat from eating dry fruits.
The hard shell of a nut is the best defense against predators. But when it comes to your kids, you want to keep them safe from all kinds of danger, including the dangers of choking on dry fruits.
Dry fruits can be an excellent source of vitamins and minerals, but they can also be a choking hazard if not handled properly by young children. They’re also a choking hazard for adults who don’t know how to eat them properly.
If you’re worried about choking hazards, here are some tips for eating dry fruits:
1) Start with small pieces that are easy to chew and swallow without chewing thoroughly.
2) Avoid eating dry fruits while lying down or sitting in an elevated position (like a couch), as this can increase the risk of choking.
3) Don’t chew and swallow too quickly; instead, take time to chew thoroughly before swallowing each bite! (If you’re doing this because you’re hungry, then maybe try something else!)
Children can be given whole dried fruits and nuts after the age of five years. However, it is still advisable to keep an eye on them to make sure they chew them well.
…
Top 10 dried fruits and nuts to boost immunity in kids
- Almonds. …
- Walnuts. …
- Pistachios or pistas.
- Cashew nuts. …
- Pecans. …
- Dried apricots. …
- Dried prunes.
- Dates.
Get your little one to go nuts over nuts. Here are 10 dried fruits and nuts to help boost your child’s immunity
Shirley Johanna
Shirley Johanna
8 Mins Read
Dried fruits and nuts are highly rich in nutrients and come with a host of health benefits for kids. Let’s look at the top 10 dried fruits for babies and toddlers and their respective health benefits
Pre-schooler to Pre-teen
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Get your little one to go nuts over nuts. Here are 10 dried fruits and nuts to help boost your child’s immunity
Dried fruits and nuts are called the powerhouse of nutrition, as they are packed with essential vitamins, minerals, healthy fats, antioxidants and dietary fibre. When incorporated into your child’s diet, they can play a vital role in boosting immunity.
How are dried fruits made?
Dried fruits are either dried naturally in the sun or using processing machines. Some of the commonly eaten dried fruits are raisins, dates, figs, apricots, prunes, kiwi, papaya and sweet lime.
Nuts are fruits with a hard shell and seeds that are edible. Almonds, walnuts, pistachios, cashew nuts, pecans, hazelnuts, Brazil nuts, chestnuts and macadamia nuts are some of the popular ones.
When and how to introduce dried fruits and nuts to children?
Dried fruits and nuts can be introduced into your child’s diet when she is around 7 to 9 months of age. But it should be done in the form of paste or powder to avoid any choking hazards. Dried fruits like dates, prunes and apricots can be cut into smaller pieces before given as snacks for toddlers. Children can be given whole dried fruits and nuts after the age of five years. However, it is still advisable to keep an eye on them to make sure they chew them well.
For children older than five, these make a quick and healthy snack option. Raw, dry-roasted and unsalted nuts are the healthiest, and it is best to avoid nuts and dried fruits with added salt or sugar.
Also, when you introduce nuts to your child’s diet, you will also need to consider the possibilities of allergens that your child may react to. So keep a lookout for that and consult your doctor should you have any concerns.
Other ways to add dried fruits and nuts to your child’s diet
Sprinkle crushed almonds or pecans over a cup of low-fat yogurt
Add chopped walnuts to homemade banana bread
Add dried fruits to porridges or puddings
Stir a tablespoon of nut butter (almond or cashew butter) into pancakes or muffin batter
Top 10 dried fruits and nuts to boost immunity in kids
Getting your child to eat healthily is extremely important for his overall growth and development. Dried fruits and nuts are highly rich in nutrients and come with a host of health benefits for your child.
Wondering which nuts and dry fruits are good for the health of children? Here’s a list of the top 10 dried fruits and nuts and their respective health benefits.
- Almonds
Almonds are rich in phosphorus, which helps strengthen both bones and teeth. Almonds contain riboflavin and L-carnitine, two key nutrients that can support healthy brain function. Further, they are rich in dietary fiber that curbs overeating and unhealthy snacking.
Nutritive value of almonds (1 serving, 2-3 almonds)
Carbohydrate 6.1 g
Protein 6 g
Fat 14.01 g
Energy 163 Kcal
- Walnuts
Walnuts are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids which play a crucial role in your child’s brain development. They are also high in minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and zinc.
Nutritive value of walnuts (1 serving, 7 walnuts)
Carbohydrate 3.9 g
Protein 4.3 g
Fat 18.49 g
Energy 185 Kcal
- Pistachios or pistas
Pistachios are a good source of essential vitamins such as vitamin A, C, E, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and folate. Each of these vitamins are essential and play an important role in maintaining the health of your child.
Nutritive value of pistas (1 serving, 1-2 handfuls)
Carbohydrate 7.8 g
Protein 5.7 g
Fat 12.87 g
Energy 159 kcal
- Cashew nuts
This buttery nut contains high levels of antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin, which protect the eyes. They also contain high levels of magnesium that contribute to bone growth.
Nutritive value of cashew nut (1 serving, 4-5 cashews)
Carbohydrate 8.6 g
Protein 5.2 g
Fat 12.43 g
Energy 157 kcal
- Pecans
This fiber-packed nut aids in digestion and facilitates regular bowel movements. For children who suffer from constipation, pecans can help relieve the condition. As a good source of vitamin B3, pecans help reduce fatigue in children.
Nutritive value of pecans (1 serving, 15 pecan halves )
Carbohydrate 3.9 g
Protein 2.6 g
Fat 20.4 g
Energy 196 kcal
- Dried apricots
Dried apricots are high in dietary fiber, potassium, copper, niacin, iron and vitamin E that are essential for a child’s development. This dried fruit is particularly beneficial to eye health because it contains the highest amount of vitamin A (3604 IU/100 g).
Nutritive value of dried apricots (1 serving, 8 halves)
Carbohydrate 62.6 g
Protein 0.51 g
Fat 3.4 g
Energy 241 kcal
- Dried prunes
Prunes contain high levels of antioxidants called phenols, which protect the child’s cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals. They are also a good source of vitamin C which helps boost the child’s immune system.
Nutritive value of prunes (1 serving, 3 prunes)
Carbohydrate 89.1 g
Protein 3.7 g
Fat 0.73 g
Energy 339 kcal
- Dates
Dates are packed with energy and are a good source of minerals like calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and zinc. It contains the highest amounts of iron. This helps prevent anemia, an iron deficiency in children. They also contain vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin A, B6 and vitamin K.
Nutritive value of dates (1 serving, 1/2 cup)
Carbohydrate 75 g
Protein 1.8 g
Fat 0.15 g
Energy 277 kcal
- Raisins
Raisins are a great alternative to sugary treats which children usually like to eat. Raisins contain antibacterial properties that can reduce oral bacteria that contribute to dental cavities. Raisins are natural laxatives that help improve digestion and bowel movements.
Nutritive value of raisins (1 serving, 1/4 cup)
Carbohydrate 22.4 g
Protein 0.9 g
Fat 0.13 g
Energy 84.76 kcal
- Fig
Top 10 Dried Fruits And Nuts To Improve Your Childs Health
Figs are a good source of calcium and phosphorus, which fosters the formation of bones. They are also rich in fiber and hence helps in easy digestion. Studies have shown that figs possess certain liver-protecting properties and help prevent jaundice, which is common among infants and children.
Nutritive value of fig (1 serving, 1/4 cup)
Carbohydrate 63.9 g
Protein 3.3 g
Fat 0.93 g
Energy 249 kcal
Benefits of eating dry fruits
Dried fruits and nuts are highly nutritious and contain proteins, fibers, antioxidants and healthy fats. Including them in the diet is essential for good health and to reduce the risk of certain diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, and renal problems. In children, consuming dry fruits is beneficial in preventing gastric problems, weight gain and dental issues. It also helps in the overall growth and development of children and boosts their immunity.
Best time to eat dry fruits
Dried fruits can be consumed at any time of the day, but the best time would be in the morning along with breakfast to obtain the maximum benefits. This helps to keep away fatigue and regulates blood pressure. However, it is advisable to avoid eating nuts at night as it can cause indigestion.
How much dry fruits should my child eat in a day?
Can your child have endless bowls of salted cashews? No, like everything else, even dried fruits and nuts need to be eaten within a limit. Here is the list of the recommended dose of dried fruits and nuts.
1-2 years: 2-3 nuts and 1-2 dried fruits/day
3-5 years: 2-3 nuts and 2-3 dried fruits/day
6-10 years: 4-5 nuts and 2-3 dried fruits/day
11+ years: 6-8 nuts and 3-4 dried fruits/day
Is it okay for my child to eat dried fruits and nuts on an empty stomach?
Yes, eating dry fruits on an empty stomach is beneficial. On an empty stomach, the nuts are easily digested, and you can get the complete nutritious benefits of this mineral and protein-rich food.
Can eating dry fruits lead to weight gain?
Dried fruits contain higher calories than fresh fruits. Some dried fruits are sweetened with added sugar. It is easier to consume large amounts of dried fruits and therefore the chances of ingesting a higher amount of calories.
Providing healthy snacks for children can help them develop good eating habits that last a lifetime. Dried fruits and nuts are smart snack choices that are not only delicious but also nutritious. So, what more does a parent want when her child is eating healthy? Don’t forget to pack nuts and dried fruits in your child’s snack box or give it as an evening treat!
4 Amazing Health Benefits Of Dry Fruits For Kids
July 5, 2022 By Sadiya Qamar, Contributor
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4 Amazing Health Benefits Of Dry Fruits For Kids
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IN THIS ARTICLE
Different Dry Fruits Beneficial For Your Kid’s Health
Health Benefits Of Dry Fruits For Kids
Frequently Asked Questions
Dry fruits for kids are the perfect way to provide them with multiple vitamins, minerals, and good fatty acids. The nutritional content of dry fruits aids in the physical and mental development of children.
However, some children may find it difficult to chew dry fruits. In such cases, you can grind them to a fine powder and serve it as is or mixed in a health drink. Additionally, this step would help you avoid any choking hazards.
Read this post to learn more about the health benefits of dry fruits and what nutrients they may add to your child’s diet.
Different Dry Fruits Beneficial For Your Kid’s Health
There are different types of dry fruits available in the market. Some of them taste sweet while some have a nutty flavor. Here are some dry fruits you can safely add to your kid’s meal plans:
Almonds: The dry fruit is a rich source of dietary fiber, magnesium, iron, and calcium. It contains a high proportion of monounsaturated fats that help to lower the blood cholesterol levels and prevent potential cardiovascular problems. Almonds are also rich in protein and can boost your kid’s growth during these crucial years. The healthy nuts will keep your kid’s tummy full and prevent him from snacking on junk food. It will also help to keep the threat of childhood obesity at bay. The vitamin E in these tasty nuts can also give your kid a radiant skin (1)
Raisins: These are essentially the sun-dried form of grapes. The high sugar content in raisins can take care of the energy requirements and hunger pangs of your hyperactive kid. Raisins are a storehouse of minerals like Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Iron, Copper, and Manganese. Consuming this tangy dry fruit on a regular basis can help prevent anemia and protect your growing kid’s bone health (2).
Walnuts: The crunchy and delicious dry fruit contains a high proportion of essential omega 3 fatty acids, which help fight LDL and boost the cardiac health of your kid. It also helps prevent metabolic disorders like diabetes and cancer. Walnut termed as ‘brain food’ is helpful in safeguarding the brain development of your kid. It is a must-have for your kid as it is a rich source of Vitamins B1, B2, B6, and folic acid. It also contains minerals like manganese, copper, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, iron, calcium, and potassium (3).
Cashews: These delicious nuts are replete with essential nutrients like manganese, copper, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus. Adding it to your kid’s diet will ensure he has strong and healthy bones.
Health Benefits Of Dry Fruits For Kids
Eating nuts can boost your kid’s health in the following ways:
Aids Digestion: Dry fruits are rich in dietary fiber. Consuming it can boost your kid’s digestion. It can help to regulate his bowel movement, fight constipation and end his toilet ordeal every morning.
Protects Cardiovascular Health: Adding dry fruits to your kid’s daily breakfast menu is a tasty way to boost his heart health. The crunchy nuts are rich in healthy fats and help to fight bad cholesterol. Most dry fruits are also a rich source of potassium that helps keep blood pressure in check and prevent stroke.
Prevents Anemia: Dry fruits are an important source of iron. Letting your kid snack on a bowl of assorted nuts can boost his hemoglobin levels. It will help in keeping the threat of anemia at bay and let your kid enjoy good health and development.
Maintains Healthy Bones: Munching on nuts can provide your kid his daily dose of essential minerals like magnesium and phosphorus. Both these nutrients play a vital role in maintaining his bone density and protecting him from dental problems, osteoporosis, etc.
Frequently Asked Questions
- How much dry fruit should kids eat?
Children should eat 1/4th cup of dry fruits daily and other fruits and their daily nutrition (4).
- When can kids eat nuts?
Children can start eating nuts when they start their solid food diet at six months in grounded or paste form to prevent choking (5).
Dry fruits make a healthy, nutritious snack option for children. Regular consumption of dry fruits could benefit your child, from maintaining heart health, bone health, brain development to preventing anemia and boosting immunity. You can allow your children to munch on various dry fruits such as almonds, raisins, and walnuts, and you may try making different recipes so they can eat them without a second thought.
References:
MomJunction’s articles are written after analyzing the research works of expert authors and institutions. Our references consist of resources established by authorities in their respective fields. You can learn more about the authenticity of the information we present in our editorial policy.
Benefits of almonds.
https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/benefits_of_almonds
J Higgs, E Derbyshire, and K Styles; Nutrition and osteoporosis prevention for the orthopaedic surgeon.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5508855/
Shibu M Poulose et al.; (2014); Role of walnuts in maintaining brain health with age.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500933/
Fruits and vegetables.
http://www.foodandfun.org/resources/pdf/tips/fruitveg.pdf
Nuts, health and kids.
https://nutritionaustralia.org/fact-sheets/nuts-health-and-kids/
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Sadiya Qamar
Sadiya is a writer and editor with a passion for writing about parenthood and children. Her focus areas are health, wellness, and beauty. For MomJunction, she writes on kids’ health and nutrition. Sadiya believes in doing in-depth research and providing accurate information to help parents with concerns on their children’s growth and development.